Sunday, July 26, 2009

Earthquake - 1.9 magnitude - shakes New Madrid, Missouri this morning - July 26, 2009

map 1.9  2009/07/26 02:09:29 36.659N 89.539W  5.3    8 km ( 5 mi) N   of New Madrid, MO

Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal in NE Indian Ocean being hit with a swarm of earthquakes today - July 26, 2009 11:45am CDT

Update time = Sun Jul 26 16:40:04 UTC 2009

	MAG	UTC DATE-TIME y/m/d h:m:s	LAT deg	LON deg	DEPTH km	Region
MAP	2.8	2009/07/26 16:04:42	18.502	-65.518	119.7	PUERTO RICO REGION
MAP	4.9	2009/07/26 15:51:00	10.494	94.239	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	5.2	2009/07/26 15:27:04	11.862	94.351	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	2.8	2009/07/26 15:18:44	51.949	-175.747	14.9	ANDREANOF ISLANDS, ALEUTIAN IS., ALASKA
MAP	4.9	2009/07/26 14:58:13	10.601	94.115	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	2.8	2009/07/26 14:55:02	18.807	-66.076	40.8	PUERTO RICO REGION
MAP	2.9	2009/07/26 14:19:06	19.308	-66.490	38.9	PUERTO RICO REGION
MAP	4.9	2009/07/26 13:48:51	10.495	93.829	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	5.1	2009/07/26 13:29:14	10.666	94.296	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.9	2009/07/26 12:48:36	10.696	94.314	11.2	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	3.0	2009/07/26 12:38:12	52.133	-174.106	0.1	ANDREANOF ISLANDS, ALEUTIAN IS., ALASKA
MAP	4.8	2009/07/26 12:34:33	10.701	94.380	14.5	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.8	2009/07/26 12:25:51	10.555	94.075	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.8	2009/07/26 11:55:44	10.615	94.244	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.5	2009/07/26 11:18:52	10.828	94.493	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.6	2009/07/26 10:58:01	10.684	94.367	8.8	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.7	2009/07/26 10:42:29	10.839	94.404	23.4	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	2.8	2009/07/26 10:28:48	53.873	-164.225	32.7	UNIMAK ISLAND REGION, ALASKA
MAP	4.9	2009/07/26 10:14:16	10.724	94.379	16.1	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.8	2009/07/26 09:40:26	10.651	94.414	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.6	2009/07/26 09:06:47	11.129	94.894	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	3.0	2009/07/26 08:58:29	18.611	-66.046	109.8	PUERTO RICO REGION
MAP	4.6	2009/07/26 08:51:32	11.126	123.997	133.7	VISAYAN SEA, PHILIPPINES
MAP	4.6	2009/07/26 08:40:56	10.741	94.420	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.7	2009/07/26 08:11:16	10.725	94.347	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	2.6	2009/07/26 07:44:00	35.724	-121.102	6.9	CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
MAP	4.8	2009/07/26 07:40:13	10.736	94.288	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	2.6	2009/07/26 07:32:20	36.573	-121.169	6.1	CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
MAP	4.8	2009/07/26 06:54:48	10.887	94.493	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	4.7	2009/07/26 06:47:27	55.252	166.728	35.0	KOMANDORSKIYE OSTROVA, RUSSIA REGION
MAP	4.7	2009/07/26 06:45:37	10.891	94.480	10.0	ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA REGION
MAP	2.6	2009/07/26 06:36:22	37.418	-121.767	7.3	SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA, CALIFORNIA
MAP	3.3	2009/07/26 06:11:55	63.159	-150.412	100.0	CENTRAL ALASKA
MAP	5.1	2009/07/26 06:10:58	23.434	121.439	6.1	TAIWAN
MAP	5.4	2009/07/26 06:06:46	-0.356	132.273	35.0	NEAR THE NORTH COAST OF PAPUA, INDONESIA
MAP	5.0	2009/07/26 05:03:16	-20.123	169.833	236.7	VANUATU
MAP	3.5	2009/07/26 04:54:03	33.629	-116.724	13.7	SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
MAP	2.5	2009/07/26 03:27:37	17.979	-65.659	17.4	PUERTO RICO REGION
MAP	4.6	2009/07/26 03:24:07	20.049	145.851	59.2	MAUG ISLANDS REG., NORTHERN MARIANA ISL.
MAP	4.8	2009/07/26 03:07:49	1.571	124.763	208.4	MINAHASA, SULAWESI, INDONESIA
MAP	2.5	2009/07/26 01:09:24	32.474	-115.206	2.7	BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO
MAP	4.9	2009/07/26 01:00:12	23.648	121.058	17.5	TAIWAN

CropCircleConnector.com | New Late July Cropcircles in UK have appeared

Woodborough Hill, near Alton Barnes, Wiltshire. Reported July 22, 2009

Smeathe's Plantation near Ogbourne Down Gallop, Wiltshire. Reported July 24, 2009

ScienceDaily.com | Marine Pest Species Costing Billions In Damage To Fisheries, Coastal Communities And Infrastructure Are Spreading

NPR.org | Sacramento's Tent Cities Still Bloom In Secret - Radio broadcast

Got to NPR.org website to listen to radio broadcast

Three months ago the mayor of Sacramento shut down a massive tent city that had grown on the outskirts of the California capital. Now there are some people placed in long-term housing, but no short-term solutions beyond overcrowded shelters. Meanwhile, tent cities still exist, hidden away from authorities. Ben Adler of Capital Public Radio has the story.

28th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica | Ozone layer underthreat, yet climate change can occur in non-polluted environments

Heat puzzle over the Antarctica
Anuradha Mascarenhas Posted online: Sunday , Jul 26, 2009 at 0112 hrs

Pune - 28th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica :

The ozone layer is under threat, and this time man may just escape the blame. Scientists from Pune have found that climate change can occur even in what is thought to be non-polluted environments. When teams visited the Arabian Sea and Antarctica, they found that sunshine and activated halogens released from sea salt played their part in destroying the ozone layer.

Scientists from Pune undertook the 28th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica as part of a project to study the ‘Behavior of ozone and its precursors in marine and polar boundary layer’.

Ozone pollution at Antarctica becomes unexpectedly high when the sun is out, says Dr Gufran Beig, Program Director and scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meterology (IITM). “The Antarctic atmosphere is crystal clean and supposed to be free from anthropogenic NOx, CO and volatile organic compounds. Hence, it was a puzzle when we found an elevated level of ozone during sunshine,” says IITM scientist Dr Kaushar Ali, who too is working on the project.

Also contrarily, in deep oceanic regions, ozone is observed to be much below the background level, which could not be explained by any models and remained an unresolved problem, says Ali.

Scientists Saroj Sahu and A. Gautam from the IITM, as part of the Ministry of Earth Sciences project, visited Antarctica from December 2008 to April 2009 and found that there was substance in their hypothesis which is being published in the American Geophysical Union’s Journal of Geophysical Research.

Ali further explains the theory they propounded: when sun radiations fall on the thick ice surface and penetrate deep into the icy sheet of Antarctica, nitrate and carbonates are released (which are probably trapped deep in the ice sheet as air bubbles). This enhances the concentrations of NOx and CO which produce toxic ozone and elevate its level significantly. When it gets cloudy or when it rains blizzards, sun light is absent and ozone goes to its background level.

They had also propounded that sea spry (resulting from bubble bursting) and reactive halogen species (released from sea salt aerosols) when winds are very high make an additional sink for the destruction of ozone in the marine boundary layer. “Our objectives were achieved by involving both experimental and modelling work,” says Beig.

All these instruments were operated continuously over the costal region (shelf ice) and at Maitri, India’s station at the Antarctic, during the months of December to March.

Global soybean stocks are extremely low due to strong demand and a poor crop in South America - US soybean exports to China up 40%

SolarCycle24.com | Region formly known as Sunspot 1024 will again roate into view on the Eastern limb

SOHO EIT (Latest)

India to build new Antarctia base in Jan 2010 - Study relating to break off and drift of Larsemann Hills from Gondwana (a precursor-supercontinent )

STAFF WRITER 9:21 HRS IST

New Delhi, July 26 (PTI) India will begin construction of its third research station in Antarctica in January next and the facility is expected to be up and running within two years.

"The actual construction will begin in January next year when the summer season begins in Antarctica," Secretary, Earth Sciences, Shailesh Nayak told PTI.

He said construction of roads and huts for the station at Larsemann Hills region would be taken up during the summer season which lasts for about 90 days.

Scientists believe that Larsemann Hills region broke away from the Indian peninsula about 120 million years ago and drifted to its current place after the break up of the Gondwanaland continent. This makes its study crucial.

Scientists have finalised the conceptual design for their perch in the icy continent which had received a nod from the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) two years back.

Gondwana: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses of Gondwana and Gondwanaland, see Gondwana (disambiguation).

Gondwana (pronounced /ɡɒndˈwɑːnə/^[1]^[2]), originally Gondwanaland, is the name given to a southern precursor-supercontinent (final ongoing joining occurred between ca. 570-510 Ma, joining East Gondwana to West Gondwana^[3]) and then as a remnant separated from Laurasia 180-200 million years ago during the breakup of the Pangaea supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago into two large segments.^[4] While the corresponding northern hemisphere continent Laurasia moved further north, the nearly equal in area Gondwana included most of the landmasses in today's southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia-New Guinea, and New Zealand, as well as Arabia and the Indian subcontinent, which have now moved into the Northern Hemisphere.

The continent of Gondwana was named by Eduard Suess after the Gondwana region of central northern India (from Sanskrit gondavana "forest of Gond"), from which the Gondwana sedimentary sequences (Permian-Triassic) are also described.

The adjective "Gondwanan" is in common use in biogeography when referring to patterns of distribution of living organisms, typically when the organisms are restricted to two or more of the now-discontinuous regions that were once part of Gondwana; e.g., the Proteaceae, a family of plants that is known only from Chile, South Africa, and Australia are considered to have a "Gondwanan distribution". This pattern is often considered to indicate an archaic, or relict lineage.

Formation

Orogens and Kuungan Orogens.

Reconstruction showing final stages of assembly of Gondwana, 550 Ma ago.

The assembly of Gondwana was a protracted process. Several orogenies led to its final amalgamation 550–500 million years ago at the end of the Ediacaran, and into the Cambrian. ^[3] These include the Brasiliano Orogeny, the East African Orogeny, the Malagasy Orogeny, and the Kuunga Orogeny. The final stages of Gondwana assembly overlapped with the opening of the Iapetus Ocean between Laurentia and western Gondwana. During this interval the Cambrian Explosion occurred.

Gondwana was formed by these earlier continents and microcontinents, and others, colliding in these orogenies:

Azania: much of central Madagascar, the Horn of Africa and parts of Yemen and Arabia. (Named by Collins and Pisarevsky (2005): "Azania" was a Greek name for the East African coast.)
The Congo–Tanzania–Bangweulu Block of central Africa.
Neoproterozoic India: India, the Antongil Block in far eastern Madagascar, the Seychelles, and the Napier and Rayner Complexes in East Antarctica.
The Australia/Mawson continent: Australia west of Adelaide and a large extension into East Antarctica.
Other blocks which helped to form Argentina and around, including a piece transferred from Laurentia when the west edge of Gondwana scraped against southeast Laurentia in the Ordovician^[5]^[6]. This is the Famatinian block, and it formerly continued the line of the Appalachians southwards.

One of the major sites of Gondwana amalgamation was the East African Orogen (Stern, 1994), where these two major orogenies are superimposed on each other:

The East African Orogeny (as later defined) at ~650–630 Ma ago affected a large part of Arabia, north-eastern Africa, East Africa and Madagascar. Collins and Windley (2002) propose that in this orogeny Azania collided with the Congo–Tanzania–Bangweulu Block.

The later Malagasy orogeny at ~550–515 Ma ago affected Madagascar, eastern East Africa and southern India. In it Neoproterozoic India collided with the already combined Azania and Congo–Tanzania–Bangweulu Block.

At the same time, in the Kuunga Orogeny Neoproterozoic India collided with the Australia/Mawson continent.

Pangaea

Other large continental masses, including the cores of North America (Canadian Shield or Laurentia), Europe (Baltica), and Siberia were added over time to form the supercontinent Pangaea by Permian time. When Pangaea broke up (mostly during the Jurassic), two large masses, Gondwana and Laurasia, were formed.

When Pangaea broke up, the re-formed Gondwana continent was not precisely the same as before Pangaea formed; for example, most of Florida and southern Georgia and Alabama are underlain by rocks that were originally part of Gondwana but that were left attached to North America when Pangaea broke apart.

Climate

During the late Paleozoic, Gondwana extended from a point at or near the south pole to near the equator. Across much of Gondwana, the climate was mild. During the Mesozoic, the world was on average considerably warmer than today. Gondwana was then host to a huge variety of flora and fauna for many millions of years. But there is strong evidence of glaciation during Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.

Breakup

Mesozoic

Gondwana began to break up in the mid-Jurassic (about 167 million years ago), when East Gondwana, comprising Antarctica, Madagascar, India and Australia, began to separate from Africa. South America began to drift slowly westward from Africa as the South Atlantic Ocean opened, beginning about 130 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous, and resulting in open marine conditions by 110 million years ago. East Gondwana then began to separate about 120 million years ago when India began to move northward.

The Madagascar block, and a narrow remnant microcontinent presently occupied by the Seychelles Islands, were broken off India; elements of this breakup nearly coincide with the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. The India–Madagascar–Seychelles separations appear to coincide with the eruption of the Deccan basalts, whose eruption site may survive as the Réunion hotspot.

Australia began to separate from Antarctica perhaps 80 million years ago (Late Cretaceous), but sea-floor spreading between them became most active about 40 million years ago during the Eocene epoch of the Tertiary Period.

New Zealand probably separated from Antarctica between 130 and 85 million years ago.

Cenozoic

As the age of mammals got underway, the continent of Australia-New Guinea began gradually to separate and move north (55 million years ago), rotating about its axis to begin with, and thus retaining some connection with the remainder of Gondwana for about 10 million years.

About 45 million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Asia, buckling the crust and forming the Himalayas. At about the same time, the southernmost part of Australia (modern Tasmania) finally separated from Antarctica, letting ocean currents flow between the two continents for the first time. Cooler and drier climates developed on both continents because ocean currents enveloping Antarctica were no longer directed into the subtropics, where they would have flowed around northern Australia.

Another significant world climatic event was South America separating from West Antarctica some time during the Oligocene, perhaps 30 million years ago. Immediately before this, South America and East Antarctica were not connected directly, but the many microplates of the Antarctic Peninsula remained near southern South America acting as "stepping stones" allowing continued biological interchange and stopped oceanic current circulation. But when Drake Passage opened, there was now no barrier to force the cold waters of the Southern Ocean north, to be exchanged with warmer tropical water. Instead, a cold circumpolar current developed and Antarctica became what it is today: a frigid continent that locks up much of the world's fresh water as ice. Sea temperatures dropped by almost 10°C, and the global climate became much colder.

By about 15 million years ago, the collision between New Guinea (on the leading edge of the Australian Plate) and the southwestern part of the Pacific Plate pushed up the New Guinea highlands, causing a rain shadow effect which drastically changed weather patterns in Australia, drying it out.

Later, South America was connected to North America via the Isthmus of Panama, cutting off a circulation of warm water and thereby creating the Arctic^{[citation needed]}, as well as allowing a faunal interchange between the two continents.

The Red Sea and East African Rift are modern examples of the continuing dismemberment of Gondwana.

References

Cattermole, Peter John. Building Planet Earth: Five Billion Years of Earth History. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Collins A.S. and Pisarevsky, S.A. 2005 Amalgamating Eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the circum-Indian orogens. Earth Science Reviews, 71, 229–270.
Cowen, Richard. History of Life. London, Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
Lowrie, William. Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Meert, J.G., 2003, A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana, Tectonphysics, 362, 1-40.
Stern, R.J. 1994 Arc Assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African orogeny—implications for the consolidation of Gondwana. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 22, 319–351.

External links

rian.ru | Shiveluch volcano on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula spews ash to 5,000 meters (3+ miles)

Kamchatka volcano spews ash to 5,000 meters in Russia's Far East

PETROPAVLOVSK-KAMCHATSKY, July 26 (RIA Novosti) -

Russia's northernmost active volcano churned out ash to a height of some 5,000 meters (23,000 feet) in the country's Far East late on Saturday, the local geophysics service said on Sunday.

The 3,283-meter (10,771-foot) Shiveluch volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula last erupted in December 2006 and has been active ever since.

The service reported registering over 170 tremors within the area in the past 24 hours. "Some of them were followed by powerful ash bursts and avalanches," a spokesman for the service said.

Volcanic activity over the past two-three years has significantly altered the contour of the volcano, with the crater increasing in size by 50% and the slopes becoming far steeper.

There are more than 150 volcanoes on Kamchatka, 29 of them active.

Despite millions of dollars and years in the effort, the vision of a self-sustaining Atlantic salmon population in Lake Champlain is pretty much gone

Mirror.co.uk | Prince Charles, one of Britain's most successful commercial artists to show two paintings in local art exhibition

Saturday, July 25, 2009

Video Links: How to make Ethanol/Alcohol Fuel - How to Distill my Ethanol I put in my car. Very simple!

Ethanol Guide. How to make Ethanol / Alcohol Fuel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q504fv8xLY

Here is how I distill my Ethanol I put in my car. Very simple
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9nld-bswHU

LINK: Survival Salterwater Distillation - Part 1 & Part 2 (videos)

Survival Salterwater Distillation Part 1

Survival Salterwater Distillation Part 2

Link: Zen and the Art of the Alcohol Stove

Simple "side jet design" alcohol stove built out of a couple of pop cans

For info on how to make these stoves, check out www.zenstoves.net
Simple "side jet design" alcohol stove I built out of a couple of pop cans. It has an inner wall and an open top which lets it preheat itself, allowing the fuel to heat up and vaporize. Once it gets hot enough, you simply cover the middle hole by setting a pot on top of it, then just let it burn until the water boils. It's not an exact science, but ultralight backpackers and hikers love them for doing simple chores like boiling water. They're cheap to make and easy to use, plus you can find the fuel pretty much anywhere. I use HEET, which is less than $2.00 a bottle at most gas stations, dept stores, and even some grocery stores. However, you can use denatured alcohol as well. DO NOT use rubbing alcohol.

Emergency stove | Goodwill Fondue Set using alcohol - boil test (video)

Alcohol Wick Stove v2 2 boil test 1

Emergency Heat - Alcohol ... my latest project in learning - Have found the heater I want to buy!

Looking at alcohol as a fuel is my newest project. Have been researching tiny alcohol stoves used for cooking and learning about alcohol - how clean it burns. This is an example of the fuel:
Denatured Alcohol

A clean burning fuel for chafing dishes, wick-type alcohol lamps and stoves. No. 83416: Pint No. 83432: Quart No. 834G1: Gallon No. 834G5: 5 gallon.

My next project is learning how TO MAKE ALCOHOL ...

HeatMate 5200 Portable Alcohol Heater

New portable alcohol heater doubles as a stove

MotorHome, January 2009

When a heater or stove fails, life can get mighty uncomfortable. The HeatMate 5200 Portable Alcohol Heater from Contoure International provides a safe source of warmth that doubles as a stove. An excellent addition to emergency provisions, the HeatMate produces 5,200 BTUs of heat. When the lid of the compact and efficient heater is removed, HeatMate transforms into a cook top that is capable of boiling a quart of water in nine minutes.

The HeatMate non-pressurized canister system contains a nonflammable wick material that absorbs approximately 1-1/4 qts. of environmentally-friendly alcohol fuel. Even if turned completely upside down, its unique design prevents fuel from leaking. Extremely reliable, the HeatMate canister system eliminates the messy hoses and valves of pressurized systems, as well as the tiresome pumping, priming and pre-heating. Alcohol fuel is easily extinguished with water.

Constructed of durable aluminum, the compact HeatMate measures 11-3/4" H x 11-1/2" W. With a handy carrying strap, the heater/stove weighs 5 lbs. 3 oz. The suggested retail price of the HeatMate 5200 Portable Alcohol Heater is $169.95. For more information contact InterCon Marketing, 1540 Northgate Blvd., Sarasota, FL 34234. 941-355-4488.

Emergency Preparation Idea: Canned Heat - burn time approx 10 hours - Safe Indoors

Cave Editor's Note: I haven't done a real web search on the best deals on this particular product - but perhaps an idea to put on your list.

HeatCell / EcoFuel

Item Number: 7370

Sale: ~~$4.99~~ $3.99

Product Description

HeatCell Fuel Canister

Ideal for use anywhere you would use canned heat,i.e., chafing dishes, camping, emergency kits, etc.. HEATCELL will burn longer than other conventional canned heat and is SAFER to use for both INDOOR and OUTDOOR cooking or heating. HeatCell Keeps food hotter longer with no danger of alcohol gel fires, and more heat than wicks.

Fuel can is spill resistant and does not dry out like others when not in use. Burn time is approximately 10 hours per can.

ENCAPCELLON TECHNOLOGY™
HeatCell's advanced proprietary heating system known as Encapcellon Technology™ offers high-performance, long-burning heat with specialized fibers that encapsulate and concentrate the fuel combustion at the top of the can. This unique spill-resistant combustion process enables the flame to remain at a consistent distance to the bottom of the heating equipment.

Should the can fall face down, it safely extinguishes, eliminating the risk of fuel leaks and burns. The odorless, clean burn eliminates carbon buildup and offers the lowest CO emissions available. Easy to relight for significant cost savings and reduced waste.

HeatCell's NON-FLAMMABLE shipping classification has no special storage requirements or shipping restrictions unlike most other canned fuels. In addition HeatCell has an UNLIMITED SHELF-LIFE since it does not evaporate.

HeatCell Advantages:

Dual Lid for selecting High or Medium Heat

Spill-Proof Design

Easy to Re-Light & Re-Use

Environmentally safe – Biodegradable/inert

Extended burn time of wick

Clean, odorless burn

UNLIMITED SHELF-LIFE - Does not evaporate

Non-flammable/non-explosive – No flashback

Non-hazardous – Safe to store and ship via air

Safer for indoor cooking than Butane, Propane, or Sterno™

Even Heat Maintains Food Temperature

NO Alcohol Gel Fires

NO Messy Spills

NO Offensive Odors

Safe for Indoor Cooking

Container Size: 3 7/16” Dia x 2 3/8” H
Weight: 9.5 oz Burn Time: 10 Hours

Description:

Contains no alcohol or mineral wool with formaldehyde.

Exceeds California Prop 65 Requirements

Can be Shipped by AIR.

UPC CODED - Odorless, NON-TOXIC Burn - 100% Biodegradable (Inert)

Can be used Indoors or Outdoors

NON-FLAMMABLE with no threat of flashback

Perfect for Caterers, parties, Camping, Military AND Emergency Situations